Agent-Based Modeling

 Under Construction

ABM provides an ideal environment to test ideas and hypotheses that cannot be done in reality [10]. My focus has been, and continues to be, on developing agent-based models specifically relating to geographical systems [11, 12], and linking them to geographical information thus grounding them to place [13], a selection of which are shown in Figure 2. One common theme among the models is trying to understand geographical systems from the bottom-up [6] at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, all the models I have developed explore how humans interact with each other and their environment and through such interactions how macro-scale phenomena emerges (especially in the context of urban environments). Examples of such include pedestrian movement [14], riots [15] residential segregation [16], community resource management [17], the growth of slums [18, 19], the migration of displaced people [20], how people react in times of crisis [21], climate adaptation [22], to the spread of diseases [23].

Figure 2: A Selection of Agent-based Modeling Application Areas of Interest (adapted from [34]).

Figure 3: Agent-based models in
Virtual Worlds [29].
These models also range across the spectrum from theoretical to practice (e.g. [13, 24]). Specifically, I have developed theoretical models whose purpose is to explore theory and test hypothesis (e.g. [16, 18, 25]) to more descriptive models based on empirical details of the social phenomena (e.g. [26, 27]), to models which fit between these two extremes (i.e. intermediate models) in essence models which are exploratory in their application of theory but descriptive in their use of empirical data (e.g. [23, 28, 19]). Another area of research with respect to ABM pertains to visualization, sharing and communication of such models utilizing virtual worlds as shown in Figure 3 [29, 30]. I see such worlds as virtual online laboratories for creating, sharing and communicating of models. Moreover, I believe in providing model source code and data, which allows for replication and experimentation of the models (e.g. [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33])

To find out more about my research with respect to ABM, the links below will take you to some of my current and past projects (or watch the YouTube movie below which includes a selection of such models).



Figure 4: Agent-Based Modelling and
Geographical Information Systems: A
Practical Primer [10]
For a good introduction into agent-based modeling and how GIS can be integrated  within some models, which builds upon much of what was written above, readers are referred to the book I wrote with Nicolas Malleson, Ed Manley and  Alison Heppenstall entitled "Agent-Based Modelling and Geographical Information Systems: A Practical Primer (Figure 4)." The book [10] provides a synthesis of the underpinning ideas, techniques and frameworks for integrating agent-based modelling and geographical information systems.

Endorsements:
“A highly original textbook linking complex systems and agent-based modeling with GIS using theoretical and methodological perspectives, software implementations, and real-world applications. A much-needed book for students at all levels to learn about geosimulation and modelling with geographic automata.”
Suzana Dragicevic, Simon Fraser University
“A great introduction for all those interested in learning about agent-based simulation where physical space is an important factor. Importantly this integrates GIS and other common geographic approaches with simulation approaches. Both beginners and more advanced researchers will find a lot of useful information here.”
Bruce Edmonds, Manchester Metropolitan University
“This textbook is a must-have for everybody who wants to learn or know about agent-based models integrated with geographic information systems. It combines in-depth introductions to basic concepts with hands-on advice on technical detail and covers all relevant aspects.”
Volker Grimm, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ 
A review of our book by Zhuge (2019) in the Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, writes:
“Compared with other books on ABM or spatial modelling, this one tends to have much more detailed introductions to ways of developing a spatially explicit Agent-based Model from scratch, particularly using popular open-source software packages for ABM and GIS. Furthermore, readers can also benefit from the interesting and informative discussions on recent challenges and opportunities, as well as useful comparisons between different tools, theories and frameworks for spatial ABM.”
        Figure 5: Agent-Based
        Models of Geographical Systems [12].
        For a more detailed introduction into ABM and how it can be used to study for geographical systems readers are referred to the book I co-edited with Alison Heppenstall, Linda See and Mike Batty entitled: "Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems" as shown in Figure 5 [12]. The book brings together a comprehensive set of papers on the background, theory, technical issues and applications of ABM within geographical systems. This collection of papers is a useful reference point for experienced agent-based modeler as well those new to the area. Specific geographical issues such as handling scale and space are dealt with as well as practical advice from leading experts about designing and creating agent-based models, handling complexity, visualizing and validating model outputs. With contributions from many of the world’s leading research institutions, the latest applied research (from micro and macro applications) from around the globe exemplify what can be achieved in geographical context.

        A review of our book by Galán (2012) in the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation writes:
        "To sum up, this book is an essential reference for any researcher in the field of ABM and geographical systems. Although a more than 700 pages book can scare everyone, the admirably collective effort to synthesize and provide an up-to-date overview of the most relevant methodological and applied works in the field is worth the challenge. Furthermore, it must be said that it can also be recommended to any reader interested in ABM in general, even if initially unconcerned about geographical applications. Indeed, the first book section covers most of the relevant topics to be considered as a primer in ABM, regardless of the context of application, especially the second ("Principles and Concepts of Agent-Based Modelling") and many chapters of the third part ("Methods, Techniques and Tools for the Design and Construction of Agent-Based Models")."
        Another review by Benenson (2013) for International Journal of Geographical Information Science writes:
        "To conclude, the 37 chapters of this fundamental volume provide a comprehensive perspective of the state of the art in the intensively developing field of modern geographic enquiry to the community of Agent-Based (AB) modelers in geography. I enjoyed reading the book and I am sure it will have an essential influence on the AB modeling community and inspire numerous further developments in the field."
        In another review by Dragicevic  (2013) for Environment and Planning B writes: 
        "Overall, this edited book provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging area of ABM. Together, the chapters provide a rich source of bibliographic references, detailed illustrations to support visual understanding, and a logical presentation of the science behind ABM. This would make the book useful for a variety of target audiences ranging from established professionals who are interested in the current state of ABM to graduate and undergraduate students who need a systematic introduction to ABM. This book will be an essential reference text for academics, students, and decision makers who design and interpret spatial models to understand geographical processes."


        References
        1. United Nations (2018), 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, NY, Available at https://population.un.org/wup/.
        2. UN-Habitat (2006), State of the World's Cities 2006/7, UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya.
        3. Patel, A., Koizumi, N. and Crooks, A.T. (2014), 'Measuring Slum Severity in Mumbai and Kolkata: A Household-based Approach', Habitat International, 41: 300-306. (pdf)
        4. Mahabir, R., Crooks, A.T., Croitoru, A. and Agouris, P. (2016), 'The Study of Slums as Social and Physical Constructs: Challenges and Emerging Research Opportunities', Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3(1): 737-757. (pdf)
        5. Crooks, A.T., Patel, A. and Wise, S. (2014), 'Multi-agent Systems for Urban Planning', in Pinto, N.N., Tenedório, J., P., A.A. and Roca, J. (eds.), Urban and Spatial Planning: Virtual Cities and Territories, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, pp. 29-56. (pdf)
        6. Crooks, A.T. (2012), 'The Use of Agent-Based Modelling for Studying the Social and Physical Environment of Cities', in De Roo, G., Hiller, J. and Van Wezemael, J. (eds.), Complexity and Planning: Systems, Assemblages and Simulations, Ashgate, Burlington, VT, pp. 385-408. (pdf)
        7. Crooks, A.T., Croitoru, A., Jenkins, A., Mahabir, R., Agouris, P. and Stefanidis, A. (2016), 'User-Generated Big Data and Urban Morphology', Built Environment, 42(3): 396-414. (pdf)
        8. Cioffi-Revilla, C. (2017), Introduction to Computational Social Science: Principles and Applications (2nd edition), Springer, New York, NY.
        9. Haggett, P. and Chorley, R.J. (1969), Network Analysis in Geography, Edward Arnold, London, UK.
        10. Crooks, A.T., Malleson, N., Manley, E. and Heppenstall, A.J. (2019), Agent-based Modelling and Geographical Information Systems: A Practical Primer, Sage, London, UK
        11. Crooks, A.T. and Heppenstall, A. (2012), 'Introduction to Agent-Based Modelling', in Heppenstall, A., Crooks, A.T., See, L.M. and Batty, M. (eds.), Agent-based Models of Geographical Systems, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 85-108. (pdf)
        12. Heppenstall, A.J., Crooks, A.T., Batty, M. and See, L.M. (eds.) (2012), Agent-based Models of Geographical Systems, Springer, New York, NY.
        13. Crooks, A.T. and Castle, C. (2012), 'The Integration of Agent-Based Modelling and Geographical Information for Geospatial Simulation', in Heppenstall, A., Crooks, A.T., See, L.M. and Batty, M. (eds.), Agent-based Models of Geographical Systems, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 219-252. (pdf)
        14. Crooks, A.T., Croitoru, A., Lu, X., Wise, S., Irvine , J.M. and Stefanidis, A. (2015), 'Walk this Way: Improving Pedestrian Agent-Based Models through Scene Activity Analysis', ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3): 1627-1656. (pdf)
        15. Pires, B. and Crooks, A.T. (2017), 'Modeling the Emergence of Riots: A Geosimulation Approach', Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 61: 66-80. (pdf)
        16. Crooks, A.T. (2010), 'Constructing and Implementing an Agent-Based Model of Residential Segregation through Vector GIS', International Journal of GIS, 24(5): 661-675. (pdf)
        17. Wise, S. and Crooks, A.T. (2012), 'Agent Based Modelling and GIS for Community Resource Management: Acequia-based Agriculture', Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 36(6): 562-572. (pdf)
        18. Patel, A., Crooks, A.T. and Koizumi, N. (2012), 'Slumulation: an Agent-based Modeling Approach to Slum Formations', Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 15(4): 2, Available at http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/15/4/2.html.
        19. Patel, A., Crooks, A.T. and Koizumi, N. (2018), 'Spatial Agent-based Modeling to Explore Slum Formation Dynamics in Ahmedabad, India', in Thill, J.-C. and Dragicevic, S. (eds.), GeoComputational Analysis and Modeling of Regional Systems, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 121-141. (pdf)
        20. Gulden, T., Harrison, J.F. and Crooks, A.T. (2011), 'Modeling Cities and Displacement through an Agent-based Spatial Interaction Model', The 2011 Computational Social Science Society of America Conference, Santa Fe, NM. (pdf)
        21. Crooks, A.T. and Wise, S. (2013), 'GIS and Agent-Based models for Humanitarian Assistance', Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 41: 100-111. (pdf)
        22. Hailegiorgis, A.B., Crooks, A.T. and Cioff-Revilla, C. (2018), 'An Agent-Based Model of Rural Households’ Adaptation to Climate Change', Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 21(4): 4, Available at http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/21/4/4.html.
        23. Crooks, A.T. and Hailegiorgis, A.B. (2014), 'An Agent-based Modeling Approach Applied to the Spread of Cholera', Environmental Modelling and Software, 62: 164-177. (pdf)
        24. Crooks, A.T., Castle, C.J.E. and Batty, M. (2008), 'Key Challenges in Agent-Based Modelling for Geo-spatial Simulation', Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 32(6): 417-430. (pdf)
        25. Malik, A., Crooks, A., Root, H. and Swartz, M. (2015), 'Exploring Creativity and Urban Development with Agent-Based Modeling', Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 18(2): 12, Available at http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/18/2/12.html.
        26.  Łatek, M.M., Mussavi Rizi, S.M., Crooks, A.T. and Fraser, M. (2012), 'Social Simulations for Border Security', Workshop on Innovation in Border Control 2012, Co-located with the European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC 2012), Odense, Denmark, pp. 340-345. (pdf)
        27. Oldham, M. and Crooks, A.T. (2019), 'Drafting Agent-Based Modeling into Basketball Analytics', 2019 Spring Simulation Conference (SpringSim’19), Tucson, AZ. (pdf)
        28. Pires, B. and Crooks, A.T. (2016), 'The Geography of Conflict Diamonds: The Case of Sierra Leone', Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation, Springer, Washington, DC. pp. 335-345. (pdf)
        29. Crooks, A.T., Hudson-Smith, A. and Dearden, J. (2009), 'Agent Street: An Environment for Exploring Agent-Based Models in Second Life', Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 12(4): 10, Available at http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/12/4/10.html.
        30. Crooks, A.T., Hudson-Smith, A. and Patel, A. (2011), 'Advances and Techniques for Building 3D Agent-Based Models for Urban Systems', in Marceau, D. and Benenson, I. (eds.), Advanced Geosimulation Models, Bentham Science Publishers, Hilversum, The Netherlands, pp. 49-65. (pdf)
        31. Yuan, X. and Crooks, A.T. (2017), 'From Cyber Space Opinion Leaders and the Spread of Anti-Vaccine Extremism to Physical Space Disease Outbreaks', in Lee, D., Lin, Y., Osgood, N. and Thomson, R. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation, Springer, Arlington, VA, pp. 114-119. (pdf)
        32. Bagheri-Jebelli, N., Crooks, A.T. and Kennedy, W.G. (2019), 'Capturing the Effects of Gentrification on Property Values: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach', The 2019 Computational Social Science Society of Americas Conference, Santa Fe, NM. (pdf)
        33. McEligot, K., Brouse, P. and A.T., C. (2019), 'Sea Bright, New Jersey Reconstructed: Agent-Based Protection Theory Model Responses to Hurricane Sandy', in Mustafee, N., Bae, K.-H.G., Lazarova-Molnar, S., Rabe, M., Szabo, C., Haas, P. and Son, Y.-J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 Winter Simulation Conference, IEEE, National Harbor, MD, pp. 251-262. (pdf)
        34. Crooks, A.T. (2015), 'Agent-based Models and Geographical Information Systems', in Brunsdon, C. and Singleton, A. (eds.), Geocomputation: A Practical Primer, Sage, London, UK, pp. 63-77. (pdf)
        35. Łatek, M.M., Mussavi Rizi, S.M., Crooks, A.T. and Fraser, M. (2012), 'A Spatial Multiagent Model of Border Security for the Arizona-Sonora Borderland', The 2012 Computational Social Science Society of America Conference, Santa Fe, NM. (pdf)
        36. Crooks, A.T. (2007), Experimenting with Cities: Utilizing Agent-Based Models and GIS to Explore Urban Dynamics, PhD Thesis, University College London, London, UK.
        37. Briggs, T. and Crooks, A.T. (2016), 'Close, But Not Close Enough: A Spatial Agent-Based Model of Manager-Subordinate Proximity', The 2016 Computational Social Science Society of America Conference, Santa Fe, NM. (pdf)
        38. Pint, B., Crooks, A.T. and Geller, A. (2010), 'Exploring the Emergence of Organized Crime in Rio de Janeiro: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach', in Dimuro, G.P., da Rocha Costa, A.C., Sichman, J.S., Tedesco, P., Adamatti, D.F., Balsa, J. and Antunes, L. (eds.), Advances in Social Simulation: Proceedings of the 2nd Brazilian Workshop on Social Simulation, IEEE, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil, pp. 7-14. (pdf)
        39. Rouly, C. and Crooks, A.T. (2010), 'A Prototype Multi-agent System for the Study of the Peopling of the Western Hemisphere', 3rd World Congress on Social Simulation: Scientific Advances in Understanding Societal Processes and Dynamics, Kassel, Germany. (pdf)
        40. Crooks, A.T. and Chopra, P. (2014), 'An Agent-based Model for the Spread and Containment of Tuberculosis', The Association of American Geographers (AAG) Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL. (pdf)
        41. Stefanidis, T., Crooks, A.T. and Radzikowski, J. (2013), 'Harvesting Ambient Geospatial Information from Social Media Feeds', GeoJournal, 78(2): 319-338. (pdf)
        42. Masucci, A.P., Smith, D., Crooks, A.T. and Batty, M. (2009), 'Random Planar Graphs and the London Street Network', The European Physical Journal B, 71(2): 259–271. (pdf)
        43. Crooks, A.T., Masad, D., Croitoru, A., Cotnoir, A., Stefanidis, A. and Radzikowski, J. (2014), 'International Relations: State-Driven and Citizen-Driven Networks', Social Science Computer Review, 32(2): 205-220. (pdf)
        44. Schuchard, R., Crooks, A.T., Stefanidis, A. and Croitoru, A. (2018), 'Bots in Nets: Empirical Comparative Analysis of Bot Evidence in Social Networks', in Aiello, L.M., Cherifi, C., Cherifi, H., Lambiotte, R., Lió, P. and Rocha, L.M. (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications, Springer, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 424-436. (pdf)
        45. Yuan, X. and Crooks, A.T. (2018), 'Examining Online Vaccination Discussion and Communities in Twitter', Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 197-206. (pdf)
        46. Vraga, E., Stefanidis, A., Lamprianidis, G., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Delamater, P.L., Pfoser, D., Radzikowski, J. and Jacobsen, K.H. (2018), 'Cancer and Social Media: A Comparison of Traffic about Breast Cancer, Prostate Cancer, and Other Reproductive Cancers on Twitter and Instagram', Journal of Health Communication, 3(2): 181-189. (pdf)
        47. Crooks, A.T., Pfoser, D., Jenkins, A., Croitoru, A., Stefanidis, A., Smith, D.A., Karagiorgou, S., Efentakis, A. and Lamprianidis, G. (2015), 'Crowdsourcing Urban Form and Function', International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 29(5): 720-741. (pdf)
        48. Jenkins, A., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T. and Stefanidis, A. (2016), 'Crowdsourcing A Collective Sense of Place', PLoS ONE, 11(4): e0152932. (pdf)
        49. Stefanidis, A., Jenkins, A., Croitoru, A. and Crooks, A.T. (2016), 'Megacities Through the Lens of Social Media', Journal of the Homeland Defense and Security Information Analysis Center, 3(1): 24-29. (pdf)
        50. Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Radzikowski, J. and Stefanidis, A. (2017), 'Geovisualization of Social Media', in Richardson, D., Castree, N., Goodchild, M.F., Kobayashi, A.L., Liu, W. and Marston, R. (eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment, and Technology, Wiley Blackwell. (pdf)
        51. Stefanidis, A., Cotnoir, A., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Radzikowski, J. and Rice, M. (2013), 'Demarcating New Boundaries: Mapping Virtual Polycentric Communities Through Social Media Content', Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 40(2): 116-129. (pdf)
        52. Smith, D.A. and Crooks, A.T. (2010), From Buildings to Cities: Techniques for the Multi-Scale Analysis of Urban Form and Function, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (University College London): Working Paper 155, London, UK. (pdf)
        53. Anand, S., Batty, M., Crooks, A.T., Hudson-Smith, A., Jackson, M., Milton, R. and Morley, J. (2010), Data Mash-ups and the Future of Mapping, Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) Technology and Standards Watch (TechWatch) Horizon Scanning Report 10_01, Bristol, UK. (pdf)
        54. Batty, M., Hudson-Smith, A., Milton, R. and Crooks, A.T. (2010), 'Map MashUps, Web 2.0 and the GIS Revolution', Annals of GIS, 16(1): 1-13. (pdf)
        55. Crooks, A.T., Hudson-Smith, A., Croitoru, A. and Stefanidis, A. (2014), 'The Evolving GeoWeb', in Abrahart, R.J. and See, L.M. (eds.), Geocomputation (2nd Edition), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 67-94. (pdf)
        56. Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Radzikowski, J., Stefanidis, A., Vatsavai, R.R. and Wayant, N. (2014), 'Geoinformatics and Social Media: A New Big Data Challenge', in Karimi, H.A. (ed.) Big Data Techniques and Technologies in Geoinformatics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 207-232. (pdf)
        57. Stefanidis, A., Crooks, A.T., Radzikowski, J., Croitoru, A. and Rice, M. (2014), 'Social Media and the Emergence of Open-Source Geospatial Intelligence', in Murdock, D.G., Tomes, R. and Tucker, C. (eds.), Human Geography: Socio-Cultural Dynamics and Global Security, US Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF), Herndon, VA, pp. 109-123. (pdf)
        58. Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Radzikowski, J. and Stefanidis, A. (2013), 'GeoSocial Gauge: A System Prototype for Knowledge Discovery from Geosocial Media', International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 27(12): 2483-2508. (pdf)
        59. Yuan, X. and A.T., C. (2019), 'Assessing the Placeness of Locations through User-contributed Content', in Gao, S., Newsam, S., Zhao, L., Lunga, D., Hu, Y., Martins, B., Zhou, X. and Chen, F. (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on AI for Geographic Knowledge Discovery (GeoAI), ACM, Chicago, IL,, pp. 15-23. (pdf)
        60. Lu, X., Croitoru, A., Radzikowski, J., Crooks, A.T. and Stefanidis, A. (2013), 'Comparing the Spatial Characteristics of Corresponding Cyber and Physical Communities: A Case Study', Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks, Orlando, FL, pp. 11-14. (pdf)
        61. Crooks, A.T., Croitoru, A., Stefanidis, A. and Radzikowski, J. (2013), '#Earthquake: Twitter as a Distributed Sensor System', Transactions in GIS, 17(1): 124-147. (pdf)
        62. Radzikowski, J., Stefanidis, A., Jacobsen, K.H., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T. and Delamater, P.L. (2016), 'The Measles Vaccination Narrative in Twitter: A Quantitative Analysis', JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 2(1): e1. (pdf)
        63. Stefanidis, A., Vraga, E., Lamprianidis, G., Radzikowski, J., Delamater, P.L., Jacobsen, K.H., Pfoser, D., Croitoru, A. and Crooks, A.T. (2017), 'Zika in Twitter: Temporal Variations of Locations, Actors, and Concepts', JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 3(2): e22. (pdf)
        64. Croitoru, A., Wayant, N., Crooks, A.T., Radzikowski, J. and Stefanidis, A. (2015), 'Linking Cyber and Physical Spaces Through Community Detection and Clustering in Social Media Feeds', Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 53: 47–64. (pdf)
        65. Crooks, A.T., Malleson, N., Wise, S. and Heppenstall, A. (2018), 'Big Data, Agents and the City', in Schintler, L.A. and Chen, Z. (eds.), Big Data for Urban and Regional Science, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 204-213. (pdf)
        66. Mullen, W., Jackson, S.P., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Stefanidis, A. and Agouris, P. (2015), 'Assessing the Impact of Demographic Characteristics on Spatial Error in Volunteered Geographic Information Features', GeoJournal, 80(4): 587-605. (pdf)
        67. Jackson, S.P., Mullen, W., Agouris, P., Crooks, A.T., Croitoru, A. and Stefanidis, A. (2013), 'Assessing Completeness and Spatial Error of Features in Volunteered Geographic Information', ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2(2): 507-530. (pdf)
        68. Mahabir, R., Agouris, P., Stefanidis, A., Croitoru, A. and Crooks, A.T. (2018), 'Detecting and Mapping Slums using Open Data: A Case Study in Kenya', International Journal of Digital Earth: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2018.1554010. (pdf)
        69. Mahabir, R., Stefanidis, A., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T. and Agouris, P. (2017), 'Authoritative and Volunteered Geographical Information in a Developing Country: A Comparative Case Study of Road Datasets in Nairobi, Kenya', ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(1): 24. (pdf)
        70. Mahabir, R., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A.T., Agouris, P. and Stefanidis, A. (2018), 'News Coverage, Digital Activism, and Geographical Saliency: A Case Study of Refugee Camps and Volunteered Geographical Information', PLoS ONE, 13(11): e0206825. (pdf)
        71. Schuchard, R., Crooks, A.T., Croitoru, A. and Stefanidis, A. (2019), 'Bots Fired: Examining Social Bot Evidence in Online Mass Shooting Conversations', Palgrave Communications, 5: , 5(158), Available at https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0359-x. (pdf)
        72. Schuchard, R., Crooks, A.T., Stefanidis, A. and Croitoru, A. (2019), 'Bot Stamina: Examining the Influence and Staying Power of Bots in Online Social Networks', Applied Network Science, 4(55), Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0164-x. (pdf)
        73. Yuan, X., Schuchard, R. and Crooks, A.T. (2019), 'Examining Emergent Communities and Detecting Social Bots within the Polarized Online Vaccination Debate in Twitter', Social Media and Society, Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119865465. (pdf)

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